This animal produces it's own food Euglena Animals have these two traits which distinguish them from plants Feed on something; Mobile Emergence New characteristics appear at hierarchial level Speciation Forming new species Heredity Transmission of traits from parents to offspring Variation Production of differences among traits of different individuals The basis for organic evolution Heredity and Variation Physiology Study of the performance of complex metabolic functions Primary function of respiration Produce ATP Catabolism Breaking down Anabolism Construction Irritability Response to stimuli A branching hierarchy of species and their traits Cladogram This has cells just for reproduction Volvox Protozoans Single celled animals Metazoans Multi-celled animals Volvox has this level of organization Cellular grade Anemones and corals have this level of organization Cell-tissue grade Flatworms have this level of organization Tissue-organ grade Most higher animals have this level of organization Organ-system grade Benefits to bein' large Protection; more efficient use of metabolic energy Cope's Law Cope's Law of Phyletic Increase: lineages begin with small organisms that give rise to larger and ultimately giant forms. These giants become extinct, providing opportunities for new lineages. Exceptions to Cope's Law Flying vertebrates, insects. Extracellular components Body fluids (blood plasma, interstitial fluid); extracellular structural elements (connective tissue, cartilage, bone, cuticle). Two types of extracellular body fluids Blood plasma, interstitial fluid Extracellular structural elements connective tissue, cartilage, bone, cuticle Histology Study of tissues Types of tissues Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous Epithelium Sheet of cells that covers a surface Shape types of epithelial tissue Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar Squamous epithelial cells Flattened epithelial cells; lining of blood capillaries, lungs. Cuboidal epithelial cells Box-shaped epithelial cells; kidney, salivary glands Columnar epithelial cells Tall columnal epithelial cells; intestinal tract These epithelial cells have elongate nuclei Columnar epithelial cells Microvili Minute, finger-like projections often found on columnar epithelial cells which greatly increase absorbtive surface area Most abundant tissue type in most animals Muscular tissue Types of muscular tissue Smooth, skeletal, cardiac These cells are multinucleated Skeletal muscle Most common type of muscle tissue in invertebrates Smooth Most common type of muscle tissue in vertebrates Skeletal Types of nervous tissue cells Neurons, neuroglia Neurons Basic functional units of NS Neuroglia Variety of non-nervous cells that insulate neuron membranes and serve support functions These receive stimuli from other neurons Dendrites Body cavity is known as Coelom Coelom Fluid-filled space which is lined with mesoderm and surrounds the gut Types of germ layers Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm Endoderm Innermost germ layer Mesoderm Middle germ layer Ectoderm Outermost germ layer Diploblastic Having only endoderm and ectoderm germ layers Triploblastic Having all three germ layers Gut is completely surrounded by mesodermal parenchyma Acoelomate bilateria Gut is surrounded by a cavity, but the cavity is not lined with a mesodermal peritoneum Pseudocoelomate bilateria Possess a true coelom lined with mesoderm Eucoelomate bilateria The primitive gut Archenteron Seven mandatory taxological ranks Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. "King Phillip came over for good sex!" Phylogeny Study of evolutionary relationships Systematics Study of classification and reconstruction of phylogeny Character Heritable trait possessed by an organism Monophyletic Includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendents Synapomorphy Shared, derived characters Paraphyletic A group in which one or more descendents of an ancestor are not included Polyphyletic A group in which the common ancestor is placed in another taxon Criteria for recognition of species Common descent, Smallest distinct groupings, Reproductive community Species An interbreeding population of individuals having common descent and sharing intergrading characteristics Animal Kingdom has these three branches Mesozoa, Parazoa, Eumetazoa These have spiral cleavage, schizocoelous (if coelomates), mouth forms first and the anus develops as a new formation Protostomes These have radial cleavage, always coelomatic, anus forms first and mouth develops later as a new formation Deuterostomes Null hypothesis "There is no significant difference between..." Alternative hypothesis "There is a significant difference between..." Evolution can be viewed as five separate theories: Perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, natural selection Three propositions of Natural Selection There is variation among organisms, and within populations, for anatomical, behavioral, and physiological traits. The variation is at least partly heritable. Organisms with different variant forms leave different numbers of offspring to future generations. Allopatric speciation Speciation due to geographic separation Sympatric speciation Non-allopatric; example: fishes in a single lake begin to occupy different microhabitats. Adaptive radiation Production of ecologically diverse species from a common ancestral stock (i.e. Galapagos finches). Microevolution Study of genetic change (mutations) occurring within natural populations Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theorem To remain in genetic equilibirium: No mutation of genes; no gene flow; population must be very large 5 ways genetic equilibrium can be disturbed Random genetic drift; non-random mating; recurring mutation; migration; natural selection These are all marine parasites Mesozoans These have plate-like bodies Placozoans Most primitive of all metazoans Placozoans The Sponges Porifera Ostia Sponges have these tiny pores for incoming water Osculum Sponges have a few large pores for outgoing water These are flagellated cells that sponges use to create water currents Choanocytes These are amoeboid cells that sponges use to phagocytize food Archaeocytes These cells can be used by sponges to regenerate Archaeocytes These cells are thin, flat epithelial-like cells that sponges use to cover some surfaces Pinatocytes Spongin Collagen for sponges Sponges respire using this Diffusion Sponges excrete using this Diffusion Asexual reproduction for sponges Budding or gemmulation Sexual reproduction for sponges Gametes Sponges' openings are connected by these Canals How sponges eat Phagocytize food particles This divides a bilateral symmetry into two equal halves Sagittal plane Sessile Attached at the base; fixed to one spot, unable to move Stiffening structures made of CaCO3 or Silica and collagen, used by sponges for support Spicules Asconoid Flagellated spongocoel Spongocoel A single, large osculum These types of sponges are small and tube-shaped Asconoid Syconoid Flagellated canals These sponges have wider bodies and are still tube shaped, but a bit larger Syconoid These sponges have a spongocoel lined with epithelial cells Syconoid Leuconoid Flagellated chambers Most complex type of sponge Leuconoid This type of sponge can get very large Leuconoid This type of sponge have numerous oscula Leuconoid Most sponges are of this type Leuconoid Most sponges are *ecious Monoecious Internal buds that sponges have which can be released when the sponge dies Gemmules In sponges, sperm and oocytes arise from these cells Choanocytes Regeneration Reorganization of a wounded part - not the entire animal Somatic embryogenesis Complete reorganization of the structure and functions by fragments or aggregates of cells This class of sponges have CaCO3 spicules Calcarea Classification of sponges is based on skeletons, not canal structure The glass sponges Hexactinellida Most sponge species are in this class Demospongiae A freshwater sponge Spongilla! Bath sponges Spongia, Hippospongia Cnidaria have these two stages Polyp and medusa Cnidarians always have these cells Nematocysts Nematocysts Stinging organelles composed of cnidocytes Stinging cells that cnidarians have Cnidocytes Polyps are... Sessile Medusae are... Free swimming Cnidarians have this type of nervous system Nerve net Asex repro for cnidarians Budding, somatic embryogenesis Sex repro for cnidarians Gametes A larva from a cnidarian is called Planula Cnidarians *morpism: Dimorphism Hydra have... No medusa stage A solitary freshwater polyp Hydra Most hydra are *ecious Dioecious A colonial hydroid Obelia Portuguese Man-of-War Physalia Man-of-Wars are... Not a jellyfish, but a hydroid colony Scyphozoa Jellyfishes A scyphozoan Aurelia Rhopalium A sense organ in jellyfishes used for equlibrium Aurelia *ecious Monoecious Zooid A member of a colony Anthozoa Anemones and corals Anthozoans have... No medusa stage Zooantharia Sea anemones and hard corals Ceriantipatharia Tube anemones, thorny corals, horny corals Alcyonaria Soft corals, sea fans, sea pens, sea pansies These have gastrovascular cavities with septa Anthozoa These are mini anemones in calcareous cups Zoantherian corals These have unpaired septa Tube anemones and thorny corals Ctenophora Comb jellies or sea walnuts Ctenophora generally lack... Nematocysts These have anal canals Ctenophora These are bioluminescent Ctenophora Ctenophora *ecious Monoecious These have a nerve plexus near the mouth Ctenophora