Example of a desmid Micrasterias This chlorophyte is uni-cell, non-motile Micrasterias This chlorophyte is coenocytic Acetabularia These are thallose liverworts Marchantia, Conocephalum These are leafy liverworts Porella, Frullania The gametophyte generation is the green and dominant form for these plants Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta The sporophyte generation is the green and dominant form for these plants The vascular plants (no bryophytes) A synonym for Dinophyta is... Pyrrhophyta A synonym for Pterophyta is... Pteridophyta This dung lovin' fungus shoots its sporangia toward the light Pilobolus This fungus is hypogeous Tuber (Truffles) This fungus has a cleistothecium Microsphaera Example fungi with apothecia Morchella, Peziza Example fungi with perithecia Claviceps purpurea, Sordaria Examples of water ferns Azolla, Salvinia, Marsilea This phylum is generally known as the sporozoans Apicomplexa A common cup fungus Peziza; Scarcoscypha This ancient division of plants had no roots or leaves Rhyniophyta This fern protects its sori with indusia Cyrtomium This fern has unprotected sori Polypodium This is commonly known as a leafy liverwort Porella This leafy liverwort has underleaves modified as pitchers Frullania This Liverwort is the most common thallose variety found in Omaha Conocephalum Basidium Basidiospores are produced outside this club-shaped structure Most Lichens belong to this Class of Fungi Euascomycetes This causes "ich" on fish Saprolegnia This caused the Irish potato famine of the 1840s Phytophthora infestans ("Late Blight of Potato") This member of Dinophyta is "armored" Peridinium This member of Dinophyta is "unarmored" Gymnodinium This species of Chlorophyta causes Red Snow Chlamydomonas nivalis Type of reproduction undergone by Fungi Zygotic meiosis This kelp has a float for each blade Macrocystis This kelp has a central float for all blades Nereocystsis Marchantia reproduces sexually with this structure, known commonly as "palm trees" Archegoniophores Marchantia reproduces sexually with this structure, known commonly as "umbrellas" Antheridiophores Common bread mold Rhizopus This species is an example of heterospory with microspores and megaspores Selaginella Homosporous or Heterosporous: Lycopodium Homosporous Homosporous or Heterosporous: Isoetes Heterosporous Homosporous or Heterosporous: Marsilea Heterosporous Homosporous or Heterosporous: Selaginella Heterosporous Fern sporangia forcibly eject the spores with the action of the annulus and lip cells Spores of this plant were once used as photographic flash powder Lycopodium In mosses, spores germinate to form this Protonema In mosses, these develop from the protonema Gametophores Hyphal cells where spores are produced Conidium This type of moss features explosive dispersal despite lacking a peristome Sphagnum Members of Dictyosteliomycota reproduce asexually by forming these: sorocarps Members of Dictyosteliomycota reproduce sexually by forming these: macrocysts The vegetative phase of a member of Dictyosteliomycota is an aggregation of amoebae called a: pseudoplasmodium or slug The vegetative phase of a member of Myxomycota is a mulitnucleate blob of protoplasm called a: plasmodium Plasmodial slime molds produce spores which germinate to form these Myxamoebae or swarm cells Most species of ferns have no "stem" but instead have Rhizome Young coiled fronds are called Fiddleheads Known commonly as a puffball Lycoperdon This moss features "salt shaker" spore dispersal Polytrichum This moss produces a capsule with an epiphragm and short teeth Polytrichum Plants produce these in multicellular sex organs Embryos Life cycle type of Fungi Haploid life cycle Life cycle type of Animalia Diploid life cycle Life cycle type of Plantae Heteromorphic alternation of generations life cycle #-------- Heterocyst Specialized larger cell created by some cyanobacteria capable of nitrogen fixation. Akinete Specialized larger cell created by some cyanobacteria which serve as a resistant spore. This fungus is the cause of powdery mildew disease. Microsphaera penicillata This fungus is the cause of ergotism (ergot poiosoning). Claviceps purpurea Regarding the pea plant, what about inheritance of "T" makes a plant grow to be tall? Enzymes! What tells cells how to make enzymes (proteins)? Genes A pairs with? T T pairs with? A C pairs with? G G pairs with? C The four DNA nucleotides Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine. Helicases These enzymes unwind the double helix. DNA polymerases The synthesis of new strands are catalyzed by DNA polymerases based on the parent template sequences. Replication takes place in which direction? 5-prime to 3-prime. DNA ligases Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. RNA polymerase Moves along the DNA assembling a messenger RNA molecule (mRNA). Spliceosomes In Eukaryotes, the enzymes responsible for editing mRNA. Introns Segments cut out of mRNA during editing by spliceosomes. Exons Segments reassembled from mRNA during editing by spliceosomes. The role of mRNA Carry the genetic message from DNA to the ribosomes. Codons 3 letter sequences of nucleotides on mRNA The role of tRNA Translate the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into the amino acid sequence of the protein being synthesized. What is a gene? Section(s) of DNA which codes for the formation of a protein by specifying the exact sequence of its amino acids. What does a retrovirus use to attack cellular DNA? The enzyme reverse transcriptase Who formulated the "Jumping Gene" theory? Barbara McClintock What are the ecological roles for most bacteria? They are responsible for the decay and recycling of organic matter. How does the cell wall of bacteria differ from members of the Fungi? Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, fungal cell walls do not. The dye used to stain bacterial cell walls. Crystal Violet Region of prokaryotic cell contaning DNA Nucleoid Transformation When a prokaryote takes up free DNA from the environment Transduction When attacking bacteriophages bring with them DNA from a previous host Plasmids Smaller extrachromasomial pieces of circular DNA that replicate independently of the prokaryotic cell's chromosome. Conjugation Transferring a portion of one bacterium's chromosome to another via injection with a sex pilus. How do bacterial flagella differ from eukaryotic flagella? Bacterial flagella lack microtubules and a plasma membrane. The two accessory pigments that photosynthetic cyanobacteria have. Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. The type of accessory pigments that photosynthetic cyanobacteria have. Phycobilins. Where are cyanobacteria frequently found as symbionts? Ciliates frequently contain bacterial symbionts. What is the basic structure of a virus particle? A nucleic acid genome surrounded by protein Capsid Protective layer of proteins that surround the virus' nucleic acid How do viruses reproduce? By taking over the genetic machinery of the host cell Movement proteins Viral-encoded proteins which increase the size of plasmodesmata and allow passage of the virus. Discovered the first antibiotic Sir Alexander Fleming Why do antibiotics have lesser effect on viral infections? Antibiotics work by killing and restricting the growth of bacteria, not viruses. The reason they work is that they are able to target specific metabolic functions of prokaryotic cells, and since viruses are inert material unless they are attacking (reacting with) a cell, antibiotics have no effect. Thallus Vegetative body of fungus, made of hyphae Mycelium A mass of fungal hyphae Haustoria Special hyphae which can penetrate living cells Bread molds belong to this division Zygomycota Sac fungi belong to this division Ascomycota Lichens' fungi belong to this division Ascomycota Club fungi belong to this division Basidiomycota Rusts belong to this division Basidiomycota Smuts belong to this division Basidiomycota Primary ecological role of Fungi Decomposition of organic matter How Fungi eat Absorbtion Fungal cell walls are composed primarily of this Chitin Septa Partitions dividing hyphae Rhizoids Specialized hyphae which anchor the fungus to the substrate Hyphae lacking setpa are said to be: Coenocytic Non-hyphal cells where spores are produced Sporangium This member of zygomycota is a parasite of house flies Entomophthora This division of Fungi produce septate hyphae Ascomycota This division of Fungi produce coeoncytic hyphae Zygomycota Ascomycota is generally divided into these two major classes Hemiascomycetes and Euascomycetes This Class of Fungi do not produce ascocarps (naked asci) Hemiascomycetes This Class of Fungi produces ascocarps Euascomycetes Primary difference between Hemiascomycetes and Euascomycetes Euascomycetes produce ascocarps, Hemiascomycetes do not. Ascus Haploid ascospores are produced after meiosis in this sac-like structure. Ascocarp Structure for formation of asci (also known as an ascoma) Ascoma Structure for formation of asci (also known as an ascocarp) Basidioma Structure for formation of basidia (also known as a basidiocarp) Basidiocarp Structure for formation of basidia (also known as a basidioma) This is an example of a fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces This is known as baker's and brewer's yeast Saccharomyces Saccharomyces reproduces by asexual cell division with special cytokinesis called: Budding Schizosaccharomyces reproduces by: binary fission Apothecium A cup-shaped ascocarp Perithecium Flask-shaped ascocarp; opening at tip Cleisothecium Round ascocarp; no opening This member of Euascomycetes can be found in May in Eastern Nebraska Morchella esculenta This member of Euascomycetes is a parasite of rye Claviceps purpurea Stroma Container of ascomata (i.e. the perithecia of Claviceps purpurea) Sclerotia Produced by Claviceps purpurea; swollen and blackened grains of rye plants. Sickness caused by eating grain with ergotism St. Anthony's Fire Yeast A unicellular fungus that reproduces primarily by budding Mycorrhiza "Fungus Root" which are mutually beneficial symbiotic associations between Fungi and plant roots Known commonly as Truffles Tuber Two component organisms of a Lichen Mycobiont (fungus) and Photobiont (photosynthetic organism) These are good "early warning" systems for air pollution Lichens These have a slow growth rate sometimes used to date glacier movements Lichens Fungi Imperfecti Only reproduce asexually in the imperfect stage Examples of Fungi Imperfecti Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium Conidia Spores produced by hyphal cells rather than sporangia Members of this division of Fungi produce complex septate hyphae Basidiomycota Mushrooms are a member of this Series of Basidiomycota Hymenomycetes Puffballs and Stinkhorns are a member of this Series of Basidiomycota Gasteromycetes This series of Basidiomycota has basidia IN the basidiocarp Gasteromycetes This series of Basidiomycota has basidia ON the basidiocarp Hymenomycetes This class of Basidiomycota does not produce basidiocarps Teliomycetes Rusts are a member of this class of Basidiomycota Teliomycetes Smuts are a member of this class of Basidiomycota Ustomycetes Known commonly as Wheat Rust Puccinia graminis Known commonly as Apple Rust Gymnosporangium Aecia and Spermagonia These two stages of Wheat Rust are on the Barberry plant Uredinia and Telia These two stages of Wheat Rust are on the Wheat plant Hymenium Basidia are produced on this fertile layer of the basidiocarp This series of Basidiomycota has a life cycle with a dikaryotic secondary mycelium Hymenomycetes Known commonly as an inky cap or common lawn mushroom Coprinus Known commonly as a common edible mushroom Agaricus One of the deadliest genus of fungi Amanita Also known as "Fungi Imperfecti" Deuteromycota Examples of animal-like protists Amoebas, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates Examples of fungal-like protists Water molds, slime molds, chytrids This division of Protists is known commonly as water molds Oomycota Members of Oomycota have cell walls made of this Cellulose Members of Oomycota have this type of hyphae Coenocytic This is commonly known as the cause of downy mildew of grape Plasmopara viticola This devastated the French wine industry in the late 1800s Plasmopara viticola This saved the French wine industry The Bordeaux Mixture Type of reproduction of Oomycota Gametic meiosis This division of Protists is known as the plasmodial slime molds Myxomycota This division of Protists is known as the cellular slime molds Dictyosteliomycota Paramecium is a member of this phylum Ciliophora This phylum has cells which usually contain a micronucleus and one or more polyploid macronuclei Ciliophora Purpose of the micronucleus Sexual reproduction Purpose of the macronucleus Direct metabolic activities Protozoa with flagella belong to this phylum Zoomastiginia Malaria is caused by this sporozoan Plasmodium vivax This division is known as golden-brown algae Chrysophyta Diatoms are a member of this division Bacilliarophyta Diatoms have cell walls made of this substance Silicon Pennate diatoms Bilateral symmetry; found in freshwater Centric diatoms Radial symmetry; found in seawater Diatom cell walls are constructed in these two parts valves or frustules This division has cells with two forms: armored, and unarmored Dinophyta This division of Protists consists primarily of unicellular organisms with two flagella Dinophyta This genus of Dinophyta is bioluminescent Noctiluca Some species of this division of Protists is responsible for "red tides" Dinophyta The poison in paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin This division of Protists has no rigid cell wall, but a flexible protein matrix pellicle Euglenophyta Members of Euglenophyta store this type of food in reserve Paramylon This division of Protists is known generally as brown algae Phaeophyta This division of Protists is found in cold, marine waters Phaeophyta Members of Phaeophyta contain Chlorophyll a and c as well as large amounts of this pigment Fucoxanthin Members of Phaeophyta store this type of food in reserve Laminarin Members of Phaeophyta have cell walls containing: Alginates Primary source of algin on the West Coast Macrocystis Sperm producing reproductive structure found in Rockweeds Receptacles Egg producing reproductive structure found in Rockweeds Conceptacles This genus of Phaeophyta is common on the East Coast Fucus This genus of Phaeophyta is free floating and can be found in the Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda Sargassum This division of Protists is known generally as red algae Rhodophyta This division of Protists is found in warm, marine waters Rhodophyta Rhodophyta contain Chlorophyll a and d as well as these pigments Phycobilin pigments (Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin) Members of Rhodophyta have cell walls containing: Carageenan and Agar An example species of Rhodophyta used as a food source Nori An example of an encrusting red algae Corallina This division of Protists is known generally as green algae Chlorophyta This member of Chlorophyta is an example of a huge colonial, motile species Volvox This member of Chlorophyta is known commonly as Water Net Hydrodictyon This member of Chlorophyta is an example of a colonial, non-motile species Hydrodictyon These members of Chlorophyta are composed of mirror-image semicells Desmids (Micrasterias is one such genus) This member of Chlorophyta is unicellular, motile, and features isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy Chlamydomonas This member of Chlorophyta is commonly known as Mermaid's Wine Glass Acetabularia This member of Chlorophyta has huge macroscopic cells which lead it to being used extensively for research Acetabularia This member of Chlorophyta is commonly known as Sea Lettuce Ulva This member of Chlorophyta features isomorphic alternation of generations Ulva This filamentous member of Chlorophyta reproduces sexually by conjugation Spirogyra Isogamy Same sized gametes Anisogamy Different sized gametes Oogamy One motile, one non-motile gamete The first fungicide The Bordeaux Mixture The foraminiferans form a calcium carbonate "test", which is another name for: Shell Euglena needs to eat this substance, since it doesn't produce it naturally Vitamin B12 This member of Phaeophyta is heteromorphic Laminaria Plants have this male multicellular sex organ Antheridia Plants have this female multicellular sex organ Archegonia In plants, this type includes Hornworts, Liverworts, and Mosses Bryophytes Bryophytes have this generation green and dominant Gametophyte Vascular plants have this generation conspicuous and photosynthetic in the life cycle Sporophyte Hornworts are members of this division Anthocerophyta Hornworts have this type of growth Indeterminate growth of the sporophyte ("horn") Liverworts are members of this division Hepatophyta Liverworts have this type of growth Determinate growth of the sporophyte Marchantia is a member of this division Hepatophyta Marchantia reproduces asexually with these Gemmae cups In Liverworts, meiosis produces spores in this structure Capsule In Liverworts, the capsule contains these which aid in spore dispersal Elaters In Liverworts, the capsule is surrounded by this protective structure Calyptra This division is known commonly as the mosses Bryophyta In mosses, at the tips of gametophores, these are produced Antheridia and archegonia In mosses, the embryo develops into an elongated sporophyte as this stalk which supports the capsule Seta In mosses, the capsule is protected by these Calyptra and operculum In mosses, spores are aided in their release by the action of this hygroscopic structure, which is unique to mosses Peristome Mnium is a member of this division Bryophytes (mosses) Two basic growth forms of mosses Acrocarpous and pleurocarpous Acrocarpous mosses have... A single terminal sporophyte and are generally erect in growth Pleurocarpous mosses have... Lateral sporophytes and are "creeping" mosses This type of moss is known commonly as Peat Moss Sphagnum The green leaf cells from Sphagnum are called: Chlorophyllose This type of moss creates acidic bogs Sphagnum This type of moss is the only commercially important variety Sphagnum Sphagnum has these special types of dead cells which excel at retaining water Hyaline Xylem Specialized tissue for water conduction Phloem Specialized tissue for food conduction This extant division of plants have no roots or leaves Psilophyta Stele The central cylinder of the stem Protostele The simplest type of stele, consists of a solid cylinder of vascular tissue in which the phloem either surrounds or is interspersed within it. This is commonly known as a wisk fern Psilotum Psilotum produces trilobed sporangia on flaps of tissue called: Enations Microphyllous leaves Only one vein of xylem and phloem; no leaf gap Megaphyllous leaves Branching in veins; leaf gaps This plant is often used for Christmas decorations Lycopodium Strobilus Compacted sporophylls into a cone Known commonly as quillworts Isoetes These are known as the "fossil scale trees" Lepidodendron Common forest giant of the Carboniferous Period Lepidodendron This division includes horsetails Equisetophyta This division includes "scouring rushes" Equisetophyta This plant is commonly known as horsetails Equisetum Equisetum's spores have a hydroscopic outer wall which unwrap these structures Elaters Non-seed vascular plants are known as Vascular Cryptogams Monecious Both sexes (antheridium and archegonium) on same gametophyte Sporophyll A leaf bearing a sporangium This division of plants is commonly known as ferns Pterophyta Ferns have this type of leaves Megaphyllous, with leaf gaps Leaves of ferns are called Fronds Individual frond blades are called Pinnae Fronds develop in a coiled fashion known as Circinate vernation Fern plants produce spores by Meiosis in sporangia Small clusters of sporangia found on the underside of pinnae Sori Some species of fern produce this protective structure partially covering the sorus Indusium Epiphyte An organism that grows upon another without causing harm Many ferns are... Epiphytes A portion of a filament of a cyanobacterium that becomes detached and grows into a new filament Hormogonium Homosporous or Heterosporous: ferns Mostly homosporous Homosporous or Heterosporous: psilophytes Homosporous Homosporous or Heterosporous: equisetum Homosporous Homosporous or Heterosporous: seed plants Heterosporous This member of Phaeophyta has heteromorphic alternation of generations Laminaria Giardia is a member of this phylum Zoomastiginia Trypanosoma gambiense is a member of this phylum Zoomastiginia T. cruzi is a member of this phylum Zoomastiginia This species causes African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma gambiense This species causes Chagas' Disease Trypanosoma cruzi